H.P. Lovecraft - Revision history

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	Films based (generally ''very'' loosely) on specific Lovecraft works (partial list only; see [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522454/ Lovecraft's IMDB entry] for a more complete selection):		Films based (generally ''very'' loosely) on specific Lovecraft works (partial list only; see [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522454/ Lovecraft's IMDB entry] for a more complete selection):
	*~~''Cool Air'' (1998), Adaptation by Bryan Moore starring Jack Donner ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0200546/combined IMDb entry])~~		* See [[:Category:Film:General]]
	*''The Curse'' (1987) Adaptation of "[[~~The Colour out of Space]]" ([http~~:~~//www.imdb.com/title/tt0092809/ IMDb entry])~~
	*''Dagon'' (2001), based less on Lovecraft's story of the same name as on ''The Shadow over Innsmouth'' ([http:~~//www.imdb.com/title/tt0264508/ IMDb entry])~~
	*''Die, Monster, Die!'' (1965) (another adaptation of "The Colour out of Space") ([http://imdb.com/title/tt0059465/ IMDb entry])
	*''The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath'' (2003), an animated adaptation of the book by the same name ([http:~~//www.petting-zoo.org/Movies_Dreamquest.html Official Site~~]~~) ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0384057/ IMDb entry~~])
	*''[[The Dunwich Horror]]'' (1970) ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065669/ IMDb entry])
	*''From Beyond'' (1986) ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091083/ IMDb entry])
	*''The Haunted Palace'' (1963), an adaptation of ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'' ([http://us.imdb.com/Title?0057128 IMDb entry])
	*''Necronomicon'' (1994) Three short films based on his stories (The Rats in the Walls, Cool Air, The Whisperer in Darkness) ([http://imdb.com/title/tt0107664/ IMDb entry]) Curiously, this film depicts Lovecraft himself stealing the Necronomicon from some sort of religious order.
	*''Out of Mind: The Stories of H.P. Lovecraft'' (1998), Excellent Lovecraft sampler. Show on ''[[Bravo!]]'' [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213968/combined IMDb entry]
	*''[[Re-Animator]]'' (1985) Comedic adaptation of "''Herbert West, the Re-Animator''" which had two sequels ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0089885/ IMDb entry])
	*''The Resurrected'' (1992) Adaptation of ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'' ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105242/ IMDb entry])
	*''Rough Magik'' (2000), BBC pilot for a Call of Cthulhu show ala "X-Files" starring Paul Darrow ([http://www.lurkerfilms.com Available on DVD])
	*''The Call of Cthulhu'' (2005) Highly faithful adaptation of the short story; B/W, silent film, short film ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0478988/ IMDb entry: Available on DVD])
	*[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_mistero_di_Lovecraft_-_Road_to_L. ''Il mistero di Lovecraft - Road To L.''] (2005), feature film mockumentary based on a diary which states that Lovecraft was in Italy in 1926 ([http://www.roadtol.com Official Site]) ([http://www.rarovideo.com available on DVD here]) ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0461331/ IMDb entry])

	===Radio production===		===Radio production===
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	The [[racist]], [[classist]] and [[sexist]] themes in much of Lovecraft's writing evoke strong reactions in many modern readers. Lovecraft was an avowed Anglophile, and may have held [[England\|English]] culture to be the pinnacle of civilization, with the descendants of the English in America as something of a second-class offshoot, and everyone else below them (see, for example, his poem "[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_American_to_Mother_England An American to Mother England]). Lovecraft's writing showed a distinct disinclination towards mixing with other ethnic groups, reverence for birth-issued social status, and a preference for traditional social roles for women.		The [[racist]], [[classist]] and [[sexist]] themes in much of Lovecraft's writing evoke strong reactions in many modern readers. Lovecraft was an avowed Anglophile, and may have held [[England\|English]] culture to be the pinnacle of civilization, with the descendants of the English in America as something of a second-class offshoot, and everyone else below them (see, for example, his poem "[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_American_to_Mother_England An American to Mother England]). Lovecraft's writing showed a distinct disinclination towards mixing with other ethnic groups, reverence for birth-issued social status, and a preference for traditional social roles for women.

	Racial, ethnic, class, and sexual [[stereotype]]s are frequently encountered in Lovecraft's work. A typical example of this sentiment is found in the name of the black cat "Nigger-Man" in his tale ''[[The Rats in the Walls]]'', which was actually the name he gave to his real-life cat. The narrator in "The Rats in the Walls" expresses sentiments which could be considered hostile towards [[Jews]] (although several of Lovecraft's closer friends and correspondents were Jewish), [[Italians]], and [[Poles]]. Racist views can also be found in his poetry, particularly in ''On the Creation of Niggers,'' and ''New England Fallen'' (both 1912).		Racial, ethnic, class, and sexual [[stereotype]]s are frequently encountered in Lovecraft's work. A typical example of this sentiment is found in the name of the black cat "Nigger-Man" in his tale ''[[The Rats in the Walls (fiction)]]'', which was actually the name he gave to his real-life cat. The narrator in "The Rats in the Walls" expresses sentiments which could be considered hostile towards [[Jews]] (although several of Lovecraft's closer friends and correspondents were Jewish), [[Italians]], and [[Poles]]. Racist views can also be found in his poetry, particularly in ''On the Creation of Niggers,'' and ''New England Fallen'' (both 1912).

	Contemporary critics have decried Lovecraft's presumed [[white supremacy\|white supremicism]], particularly in the treatment of immigrants and [[African-American]]s. However, Lovecraft does not spare even northern European ethnic groups from his onslaught of negative ethnic stereotyping. The degenerate descendants of [[Dutch_people\|Dutch]] immigrants in the [[Catskill Mountains]], "who correspond exactly to the decadent element of [[white trash]] in the [[Southern United States\|South]]," (''Beyond the Wall of Sleep'', 1919) are common targets. ''The Temple'' presents a stereotypical arrogant and coldly murderous [[Prussia]]n aristocrat [[U-boat]] captain from [[World War I]] who makes frequent references to his "iron German will," supremely rational Prussian mental powers, and the insignificance of human life compared to the need to glorify the [[Fatherland]].		Contemporary critics have decried Lovecraft's presumed [[white supremacy\|white supremicism]], particularly in the treatment of immigrants and [[African-American]]s. However, Lovecraft does not spare even northern European ethnic groups from his onslaught of negative ethnic stereotyping. The degenerate descendants of [[Dutch_people\|Dutch]] immigrants in the [[Catskill Mountains]], "who correspond exactly to the decadent element of [[white trash]] in the [[Southern United States\|South]]," (''[[Beyond the Wall of Sleep (fiction)]]'', 1919) are common targets. ''[[The Temple (fiction)]]'' presents a stereotypical arrogant and coldly murderous [[Prussia]]n aristocrat [[U-boat]] captain from [[World War I]] who makes frequent references to his "iron German will," supremely rational Prussian mental powers, and the insignificance of human life compared to the need to glorify the [[Fatherland]].

	Perhaps the best example of his classist views can be found in the short story ''Cool Air'' (1926): the (presumably [[Anglo-Saxon]]) narrator speaks disparagingly of the poor [[Hispanic]]s of his neighborhood, but he worshipfully respects the wealthy and aristocratic [[Spaniard]] Dr. Muñoz, "a man of birth, cultivation, and discrimination."		Perhaps the best example of his classist views can be found in the short story ''Cool Air'' (1926): the (presumably [[Anglo-Saxon]]) narrator speaks disparagingly of the poor [[Hispanic]]s of his neighborhood, but he worshipfully respects the wealthy and aristocratic [[Spaniard]] Dr. Muñoz, "a man of birth, cultivation, and discrimination."

	Lovecraft drew upon the history of his own ethnic group for the environment of much of his work, and his love for Anglo-Saxon history and culture is often-times repeated in his work (such as King [[Kuranes]]' nostalgia for England in ''[[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath]]''). Characteristically, this history is viewed sardonically.		Lovecraft drew upon the history of his own ethnic group for the environment of much of his work, and his love for Anglo-Saxon history and culture is often-times repeated in his work (such as King [[Kuranes]]' nostalgia for England in ''[[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath (fiction)]]''). Characteristically, this history is viewed sardonically.

	A major Lovecraftian theme is the individual who finds that his lineage is accursed or interbred with a non-human strain. Important examples are ''Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family'' (1920), ''The Rats in the Walls'' (1923), and ''The Shadow over Innsmouth'' (1931). This theme may represent concerns relating to Lovecraft's own family history, particularly the death of his father due to what Lovecraft must have suspected to be a [[syphilis\|syphilitic]] disorder.		A major Lovecraftian theme is the individual who finds that his lineage is accursed or interbred with a non-human strain. Important examples are ''[[Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family (fiction)]]'' (1920), ''[[The Rats in the Walls (fiction)]]'' (1923), and ''[[The Shadow over Innsmouth (fiction)]]'' (1931). This theme may represent concerns relating to Lovecraft's own family history, particularly the death of his father due to what Lovecraft must have suspected to be a [[syphilis\|syphilitic]] disorder.

	Lovecraft expressed racist and ethnocentric beliefs in his personal correspondence and he gave a thorough summary of his views on race and culture in a letter to J. Vernon Shea written [[September 25]], 1933. This letter, 648, can be found in the book ''Selected Letters IV'' published by [[Arkham House]].		Lovecraft expressed racist and ethnocentric beliefs in his personal correspondence and he gave a thorough summary of his views on race and culture in a letter to J. Vernon Shea written [[September 25]], 1933. This letter, 648, can be found in the book ''Selected Letters IV'' published by [[Arkham House]].
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	''Lovecraft, a Biography'', written by [[L. Sprague de Camp]], published in 1975, and now [[out of print]], was Lovecraft's first full-length biography. [[Frank Belknap Long]]'s ''Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Night Side'' ([[Arkham House]], 1975) presents a more personal look at Lovecraft's life, combining reminiscence, biography, and literary criticism. Long was a friend and correspondent of Lovecraft, as well as a fellow fantasist who wrote a number of Lovecraft-influenced Cthulhu Mythos stories (including ''The Hounds of Tindalos''). A newer, more extensive biography is ''H. P. Lovecraft: A Life,'' written by Lovecraft scholar [[S.T. Joshi]]. It was for a long time [[out of print]], but has recently been republished by [[Necronomicon Press]], with a new afterword by the author. Used copies of the first edition are rare. An adequate alternative is Joshi's abridged ''A Dreamer & A Visionary: H. P. Lovecraft in His Time''. Most recently, an English translation of [[Michel Houellebecq]]'s ''HP Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life'' was published by Believer Books in 2005.		''Lovecraft, a Biography'', written by [[L. Sprague de Camp]], published in 1975, and now [[out of print]], was Lovecraft's first full-length biography. [[Frank Belknap Long]]'s ''Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Night Side'' ([[Arkham House]], 1975) presents a more personal look at Lovecraft's life, combining reminiscence, biography, and literary criticism. Long was a friend and correspondent of Lovecraft, as well as a fellow fantasist who wrote a number of Lovecraft-influenced Cthulhu Mythos stories (including ''The Hounds of Tindalos''). A newer, more extensive biography is ''H. P. Lovecraft: A Life,'' written by Lovecraft scholar [[S.T. Joshi]]. It was for a long time [[out of print]], but has recently been republished by [[Necronomicon Press]], with a new afterword by the author. Used copies of the first edition are rare. An adequate alternative is Joshi's abridged ''A Dreamer & A Visionary: H. P. Lovecraft in His Time''. Most recently, an English translation of [[Michel Houellebecq]]'s ''HP Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life'' was published by Believer Books in 2005.

	Other significant Lovecraft-related works are ''An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia'' (informative but expensive) and ''Lovecraft's Library: A Catalogue'' (a meticulous listing of many of the books in Lovecraft's now scattered library), both by Joshi, and also ''Lovecraft at Last,'' an account by [[Willis Conover]] of his teenage correspondence with Lovecraft. For those interested in studying in detail Lovecraft's writings and philosophy, Joshi's ''A Subtler Magick: The Writings and Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft'' is useful both for the analysis it provides and for the thorough bibliography appended to it. [[Andrew Migliore]] and John Strysik's ''Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H.P. Lovecraft'' and [[Charles P. Mitchell]]'s ''The Complete H. P. Lovecraft Filmography'' are both practicable for their discussion of films containing Lovecraftian elements (see [[H._P._Lovecraft#Adaptations\|Adaptations]], below).		Other significant Lovecraft-related works are ''[[An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia]]'' (informative but expensive) and ''Lovecraft's Library: A Catalogue'' (a meticulous listing of many of the books in Lovecraft's now scattered library), both by Joshi, and also ''Lovecraft at Last,'' an account by [[Willis Conover]] of his teenage correspondence with Lovecraft. For those interested in studying in detail Lovecraft's writings and philosophy, Joshi's ''A Subtler Magick: The Writings and Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft'' is useful both for the analysis it provides and for the thorough bibliography appended to it. [[Andrew Migliore]] and John Strysik's ''Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H.P. Lovecraft'' and [[Charles P. Mitchell]]'s ''The Complete H. P. Lovecraft Filmography'' are both practicable for their discussion of films containing Lovecraftian elements (see [[H._P._Lovecraft#Adaptations\|Adaptations]], below).

	Lovecraft's prose fiction has been published numerous times, but, even ''after'' the "corrected texts" were released by Arkham House in the 1980s, many non-definitive collections of his stories have appeared, including Ballantine Books editions and, also, three popular Del Rey editions, which nonetheless have interesting introductions. The two collections published by Penguin, ''The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories'' and ''The Thing on the Doorstep and Other Weird Stories'', incorporate the modifications made in the corrected texts.		Lovecraft's prose fiction has been published numerous times, but, even ''after'' the "corrected texts" were released by Arkham House in the 1980s, many non-definitive collections of his stories have appeared, including Ballantine Books editions and, also, three popular Del Rey editions, which nonetheless have interesting introductions. The two collections published by Penguin, ''The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories'' and ''The Thing on the Doorstep and Other Weird Stories'', incorporate the modifications made in the corrected texts.

	Many readers, when they first encounter Lovecraft's works, find his writing style difficult to read — owing, no doubt, to his fondness for adjectives, long paragraphs, and archaic diction. This characteristic style differs greatly from the fashion standards in literature of the early 21st century. Also, Lovecraft's early 20th century perspective yielded references in his works to objects and ideas that may be unfamiliar to modern readers. Some of Lovecraft's writings, however, are annotated with [[footnote]]s or [[endnote]]s. In addition to the Penguin editions mentioned above and ''The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature'', Joshi has produced ''The Annotated H. P. Lovecraft'' as well as ''More Annotated H. P. Lovecraft'', both of which are footnoted extensively.		Many readers, when they first encounter Lovecraft's works, find his writing style difficult to read — owing, no doubt, to his fondness for adjectives, long paragraphs, and archaic diction. This characteristic style differs greatly from the fashion standards in literature of the early 21st century. Also, Lovecraft's early 20th century perspective yielded references in his works to objects and ideas that may be unfamiliar to modern readers. Some of Lovecraft's writings, however, are annotated with [[footnote]]s or [[endnote]]s. In addition to the Penguin editions mentioned above and ''The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature'', Joshi has produced ''[[The Annotated H. P. Lovecraft]]'' as well as ''More Annotated H. P. Lovecraft'', both of which are footnoted extensively.

	Lastly, ''The Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft'' presents an excellent and extensive study of Lovecraft's use of language, which further reveals the depth of his writings.		Lastly, ''The Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft'' presents an excellent and extensive study of Lovecraft's use of language, which further reveals the depth of his writings.

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	Shortly after, he attended an amateur journalist convention where he met [[Sonia Greene]]. She was [[Ukrainians\|Ukrainian]], a [[Jew]], and, having been born in 1883, seven years older than Lovecraft. They married in 1924, and the couple moved to the [[Political subdivisions of New York State#Borough\|Borough]] of [[Brooklyn, New York\|Brooklyn]] in [[New York City]]. Lovecraft's aunts may have been unhappy with this arrangement. Lovecraft himself rather disliked New York life. A few years later he and Greene agreed to an amicable divorce, and he returned to Providence to live with his aunts during their remaining years. Due to the unhappiness of their marriage, some biographers have speculated that Lovecraft could have been [[asexual]].		Shortly after, he attended an amateur journalist convention where he met [[Sonia Greene]]. She was [[Ukrainians\|Ukrainian]], a [[Jew]], and, having been born in 1883, seven years older than Lovecraft. They married in 1924, and the couple moved to the [[Political subdivisions of New York State#Borough\|Borough]] of [[Brooklyn, New York\|Brooklyn]] in [[New York City]]. Lovecraft's aunts may have been unhappy with this arrangement. Lovecraft himself rather disliked New York life. A few years later he and Greene agreed to an amicable divorce, and he returned to Providence to live with his aunts during their remaining years. Due to the unhappiness of their marriage, some biographers have speculated that Lovecraft could have been [[asexual]].
	[[Image:ATMOM.jpg\|right\|thumb\|400px\|Mock Classics Illustrated's cover to "[[At the Mountains of Madness]]"]]		[[Image:ATMOM.jpg\|right\|thumb\|400px\|Mock Classics Illustrated's cover to "[[At the Mountains of Madness]]"]]
	Back in Providence Lovecraft lived in a "spacious brown Victorian wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933 (this is the address given as the home of Dr. Willett in ''[[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward]]''). The period after his return to Providence — the last decade of his life — was Lovecraft's most prolific. During this time period he produced almost all of his best known short stories for the leading [[pulp magazine\|pulp publications]] of the day (primarily ''[[Weird Tales]]'') as well as longer efforts like ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'' and ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]''. He frequently revised work for other authors and did a large amount of ghost-writing.		Back in Providence Lovecraft lived in a "spacious brown Victorian wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933 (this is the address given as the home of Dr. Willett in ''[[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward (fiction)]]''). The period after his return to Providence — the last decade of his life — was Lovecraft's most prolific. During this time period he produced almost all of his best known short stories for the leading [[pulp magazine\|pulp publications]] of the day (primarily ''[[Weird Tales]]'') as well as longer efforts like ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'' and ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]''. He frequently revised work for other authors and did a large amount of ghost-writing.

	Despite his best writing efforts, however, he grew ever poorer. He was forced to move to smaller and meaner lodgings with his surviving aunt. He was also deeply affected by [[Robert E. Howard]]'s [[suicide]]. In 1936 he was diagnosed with [[cancer (medicine)\|cancer]] of the intestine and he also suffered from [[malnutrition]]. He lived in constant pain until his death the following year (1937) in Providence, [[Rhode Island]].		Despite his best writing efforts, however, he grew ever poorer. He was forced to move to smaller and meaner lodgings with his surviving aunt. He was also deeply affected by [[Robert E. Howard]]'s [[suicide]]. In 1936 he was diagnosed with [[cancer (medicine)\|cancer]] of the intestine and he also suffered from [[malnutrition]]. He lived in constant pain until his death the following year (1937) in Providence, [[Rhode Island]].

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	Despite his best writing efforts, however, he grew ever poorer. He was forced to move to smaller and meaner lodgings with his surviving aunt. He was also deeply affected by [[Robert E. Howard]]'s [[suicide]]. In 1936 he was diagnosed with [[cancer (medicine)\|cancer]] of the intestine and he also suffered from [[malnutrition]]. He lived in constant pain until his death the following year (1937) in Providence, [[Rhode Island]].		Despite his best writing efforts, however, he grew ever poorer. He was forced to move to smaller and meaner lodgings with his surviving aunt. He was also deeply affected by [[Robert E. Howard]]'s [[suicide]]. In 1936 he was diagnosed with [[cancer (medicine)\|cancer]] of the intestine and he also suffered from [[malnutrition]]. He lived in constant pain until his death the following year (1937) in Providence, [[Rhode Island]].

	Lovecraft's grave in Swan Point Cemetery in Providence is occasionally marked with [[graffiti]] quoting his famous phrase from ''[[The Call of Cthulhu (~~Fiction~~)]]'' (originally from ''The Nameless City''):		Lovecraft's grave in Swan Point Cemetery in Providence is occasionally marked with [[graffiti]] quoting his famous phrase from ''[[The Call of Cthulhu (fiction)]]'' (originally from ''The Nameless City''):
	:''"That is not dead which can eternal lie,''		:''"That is not dead which can eternal lie,''
	:''And with strange aeons even death may die."''		:''And with strange aeons even death may die."''
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	=== Copyrights ===		=== Copyrights ===

	There is no little controversy over the [[copyright]] status of many of Lovecraft's works, especially his later works. All works published in the US before 1923 are [[public domain]]. However, there is some disagreement over who exactly owns or owned the copyrights and whether the copyrights for the majority of Lovecraft's works published post-1923 - including such prominent pieces as ''[[The Call of Cthulhu (~~Fiction~~)\|The Call of Cthulhu]]'' and ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]'' - have now expired.		There is no little controversy over the [[copyright]] status of many of Lovecraft's works, especially his later works. All works published in the US before 1923 are [[public domain]]. However, there is some disagreement over who exactly owns or owned the copyrights and whether the copyrights for the majority of Lovecraft's works published post-1923 - including such prominent pieces as ''[[The Call of Cthulhu (fiction)\|The Call of Cthulhu]]'' and ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]'' - have now expired.

	Questions center over whether copyrights for Lovecraft's works were ever renewed under the terms of the [[USA]] [[Copyright Act of 1976]] for works created prior to [[January 1]] [[1978]]. If Lovecraft's work had been renewed they would be eligible for protection for 75-95 years after the author's death according to the [[Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act]] of 1998. This means the copyrights would not expire on some of Lovecraft's works until 2019 at the earliest, providing that no further laws extend the periods of copyrights within the USA. Similarly, the [[European Union]] [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]] of 1993 extended the copyrights to 70 years after the author's death.		Questions center over whether copyrights for Lovecraft's works were ever renewed under the terms of the [[USA]] [[Copyright Act of 1976]] for works created prior to [[January 1]] [[1978]]. If Lovecraft's work had been renewed they would be eligible for protection for 75-95 years after the author's death according to the [[Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act]] of 1998. This means the copyrights would not expire on some of Lovecraft's works until 2019 at the earliest, providing that no further laws extend the periods of copyrights within the USA. Similarly, the [[European Union]] [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]] of 1993 extended the copyrights to 70 years after the author's death.

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Fictional locations

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	=== Fictional locations ===		=== Fictional locations ===
	* [[Miskatonic University]] in the fictional [[Arkham]], [[Massachusetts]]		* [[Miskatonic University (Location)\|Miskatonic University]] in the fictional [[Arkham]], [[Massachusetts]]
	* [[Innsmouth]]		* [[Innsmouth]]
	* [[Dunwich]]		* [[Dunwich]]

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Lovecraft's influence in popular culture

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	Beyond direct adaptation, Lovecraft and his stories have had a profound (if sometimes indirect and unnoticed) impact on popular culture, and has been praised by many modern writers of horror, science fiction, and fantasy. Much of his influence is secondary, as he was a friend, inspiration, and correspondent to many authors who would gain fame through their creations. He was a friend of [[Conan the Barbarian]] creator [[Robert E. Howard]]; [[Robert Bloch]], author of ''[[Psycho]]''; and [[Frank Belknap Long]], Lovecraft's biographer and contributor to the Mythos.		Beyond direct adaptation, Lovecraft and his stories have had a profound (if sometimes indirect and unnoticed) impact on popular culture, and has been praised by many modern writers of horror, science fiction, and fantasy. Much of his influence is secondary, as he was a friend, inspiration, and correspondent to many authors who would gain fame through their creations. He was a friend of [[Conan the Barbarian]] creator [[Robert E. Howard]]; [[Robert Bloch]], author of ''[[Psycho]]''; and [[Frank Belknap Long]], Lovecraft's biographer and contributor to the Mythos.

	Many later creators of horror writing and films show influences from Lovecraft, including [[Clive Barker]], [[H. R. Giger]] and [[John Carpenter]]. Others, notably [[Clark Ashton Smith]], [[August Derleth]], [[Neil Gaiman]], [[Fred Chappell]], [[Stephen King]], [[Alan Moore]], and [[Brian Lumley]], have written stories that are explicitly set in the same "universe" as Lovecraft's original stories. Videogames like [[Eternal Darkness]] show a great amount of influence from his work; others, like [[Call of Cthulhu - Dark Corners of the Earth]], are directly based on his job. Lovecraft [[pastiche]]s are common. For more examples of specific references to and uses of the Mythos in popular culture, see [[References to the Cthulhu mythos\|References to the Cthulhu Mythos]].		Many later creators of horror writing and films show influences from Lovecraft, including [[Clive Barker]], [[H. R. Giger]] and [[John Carpenter]]. Others, notably [[Clark Ashton Smith]], [[August Derleth]], [[Neil Gaiman]], [[Fred Chappell]], [[Stephen King]], [[Alan Moore]], and [[Brian Lumley]], have written stories that are explicitly set in the same "universe" as Lovecraft's original stories. Videogames like [[Eternal Darkness]] show a great amount of influence from his work; others, like [[Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth]], are directly based on his job. Lovecraft [[pastiche]]s are common. For more examples of specific references to and uses of the Mythos in popular culture, see [[References to the Cthulhu mythos\|References to the Cthulhu Mythos]].
	[[Image:Lovecraft stamps.jpg\|right\|\|]]		[[Image:Lovecraft stamps.jpg\|right\|\|]]

Tgaitskell at 13:53, 21 February 2015

2015-02-21T13:53:57Z

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	[[Image:hp-lovecraft.jpg\|thumb\|180\|H.P. Lovecraft]]		[[Image:hp-lovecraft.jpg\|thumb\|180\|H.P. Lovecraft]]

	'''Howard Phillips Lovecraft''' ([[August 20]], [[1890]] – [[March 15]], [[1937]]) was an ~~[[United States\|America]]n~~ author of [[fantasy]] and [[horror fiction]], noted for giving horror stories a ~~[[Science fiction\|~~science fiction]] framework. Lovecraft's readership was limited during his life, but his works have become quite important and influential among writers and fans of horror fiction.		'''Howard Phillips Lovecraft''' (August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of fantasy and horror fiction, noted for giving horror stories a science fiction framework. Lovecraft's readership was limited during his life, but his works have become quite important and influential among writers and fans of horror fiction.

	==Biography==		==Biography==
	Lovecraft was born on [[20 August~~]] [[~~1890]] in his family home at 454 (then 194) Angell Street in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. His father was Winfield Scott Lovecraft, a traveling salesman of jewelry and precious metals. His mother was Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft, who could trace her ancestors in America back to their arrival in the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in 1630. Unusual for the time, both were in their 30s when they married, and it was the first marriage for both. Howard was their only child. When Lovecraft was three his father became acutely [[psychotic]] at a hotel in [[Chicago, Illinois]], where he was on a business trip, and was brought back to Butler Hospital in Providence, where he remained for the rest of his life. His affliction was [[General paresis of the insane\|general paresis]].		Lovecraft was born on 20 August 1890 in his family home at 454 (then 194) Angell Street in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. His father was Winfield Scott Lovecraft, a traveling salesman of jewelry and precious metals. His mother was Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft, who could trace her ancestors in America back to their arrival in the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in 1630. Unusual for the time, both were in their 30s when they married, and it was the first marriage for both. Howard was their only child. When Lovecraft was three his father became acutely psychotic at a hotel in Chicago, Illinois, where he was on a business trip, and was brought back to Butler Hospital in Providence, where he remained for the rest of his life. His affliction was [[General paresis of the insane\|general paresis]].

	Lovecraft was thereafter raised by his mother, two aunts (Lillian Delora Phillips and Annie Emeline Phillips), and his grandfather, [[Whipple Van Buren Phillips]], with whom they lived until his death. Lovecraft was a [[child prodigy]], reciting poetry at age two and writing complete poems by six. His grandfather encouraged his reading, providing him with classics such as ''[[The Book of One Thousand and One Nights\|The Arabian Nights]]'', ''[[Thomas Bulfinch\|Bulfinch's Age of Fable]]'', and children's versions of The ''[[Iliad]]'' and The ''[[Odyssey]]''. His grandfather also stirred young Howard's interest in the weird by telling him original tales of Gothic horror.		Lovecraft was thereafter raised by his mother, two aunts (Lillian Delora Phillips and Annie Emeline Phillips), and his grandfather, [[Whipple Van Buren Phillips]], with whom they lived until his death. Lovecraft was a [[child prodigy]], reciting poetry at age two and writing complete poems by six. His grandfather encouraged his reading, providing him with classics such as ''[[The Book of One Thousand and One Nights\|The Arabian Nights]]'', ''[[Thomas Bulfinch\|Bulfinch's Age of Fable]]'', and children's versions of The ''[[Iliad]]'' and The ''[[Odyssey]]''. His grandfather also stirred young Howard's interest in the weird by telling him original tales of Gothic horror.

Tgaitskell: /* Fictional locations */

2015-02-19T12:12:06Z

Fictional locations

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	* [[Miskatonic University]] in the fictional [[Arkham]], [[Massachusetts]]		* [[Miskatonic University]] in the fictional [[Arkham]], [[Massachusetts]]
	* [[Innsmouth]]		* [[Innsmouth]]
	* [[~~Dunwich (H. P. Lovecraft)\|~~Dunwich]]		* [[Dunwich]]

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

Tgaitskell: /* Further reading */

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Tgaitskell: /* Books */

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Books

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	*From [[Arkham House]]		*From [[Arkham House]]
	**Definitive versions with corrected texts by [[S. T. Joshi]]:		**Definitive versions with corrected texts by [[S.T. Joshi]]:
	***''At the Mountains of Madness, and Other Novels'' (7th corrected printing), S. T. Joshi (ed.), 1985. ISBN 0-870-54038-6.		***''At the Mountains of Madness, and Other Novels'' (7th corrected printing), S. T. Joshi (ed.), 1985. ISBN 0-870-54038-6.
	***''Dagon and Other Macabre Tales'', S. T. Joshi (ed.), 1987. ISBN 0-870-54039-4..		***''Dagon and Other Macabre Tales'', S. T. Joshi (ed.), 1987. ISBN 0-870-54039-4..

Uberpope: /* External links */

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External links

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	==External links==		==External links==
	*[http://www.hplovecraft.com/ The H. P. Lovecraft Archive]		*[http://www.hplovecraft.com/ The H. P. Lovecraft Archive]
			*[http://www.unclecthulhu.com/tomes The eBook Lovecraft Collection]
	*[http://www.hplfilmfestival.com The HP Lovecraft Film Festival] - Annual film festival held in Portland Oregon		*[http://www.hplfilmfestival.com The HP Lovecraft Film Festival] - Annual film festival held in Portland Oregon
	*[http://www.lurkerfilms.com Lurker Films] - Distributor of Lovecraft related films on DVD		*[http://www.lurkerfilms.com Lurker Films] - Distributor of Lovecraft related films on DVD

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	Shortly after, he attended an amateur journalist convention where he met [[Sonia Greene]]. She was [[Ukrainians\|Ukrainian]], a [[Jew]], and, having been born in 1883, seven years older than Lovecraft. They married in 1924, and the couple moved to the [[Political subdivisions of New York State#Borough\|Borough]] of [[Brooklyn, New York\|Brooklyn]] in [[New York City]]. Lovecraft's aunts may have been unhappy with this arrangement. Lovecraft himself rather disliked New York life. A few years later he and Greene agreed to an amicable divorce, and he returned to Providence to live with his aunts during their remaining years. Due to the unhappiness of their marriage, some biographers have speculated that Lovecraft could have been [[asexual]].		Shortly after, he attended an amateur journalist convention where he met [[Sonia Greene]]. She was [[Ukrainians\|Ukrainian]], a [[Jew]], and, having been born in 1883, seven years older than Lovecraft. They married in 1924, and the couple moved to the [[Political subdivisions of New York State#Borough\|Borough]] of [[Brooklyn, New York\|Brooklyn]] in [[New York City]]. Lovecraft's aunts may have been unhappy with this arrangement. Lovecraft himself rather disliked New York life. A few years later he and Greene agreed to an amicable divorce, and he returned to Providence to live with his aunts during their remaining years. Due to the unhappiness of their marriage, some biographers have speculated that Lovecraft could have been [[asexual]].
	[[Image:ATMOM.jpg\|right\|thumb\|400px\|Mock Classics Illustrated's cover to "[[At the Mountains of Madness]]"]]		[[Image:ATMOM.jpg\|right\|thumb\|400px\|Mock Classics Illustrated's cover to "[[At the Mountains of Madness]]"]]
	Back in Providence Lovecraft lived in a "spacious brown Victorian wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933 (this is the address given as the home of Dr. Willett in ''[[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward]]''). The period after his return to Providence — the last decade of his life — was Lovecraft's most prolific. During this time period he produced almost all of his best known short stories for the leading [[pulp magazine\|pulp publications]] of the day (primarily ''[[Weird Tales]]'') as well as longer efforts like ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'' and ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]''. He frequently revised work for other authors and did a large amount of ghost-writing.		Back in Providence Lovecraft lived in a "spacious brown Victorian wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933 (this is the address given as the home of Dr. Willett in ''[[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward (fiction)]]''). The period after his return to Providence — the last decade of his life — was Lovecraft's most prolific. During this time period he produced almost all of his best known short stories for the leading [[pulp magazine\|pulp publications]] of the day (primarily ''[[Weird Tales]]'') as well as longer efforts like ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'' and ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]''. He frequently revised work for other authors and did a large amount of ghost-writing.

	Despite his best writing efforts, however, he grew ever poorer. He was forced to move to smaller and meaner lodgings with his surviving aunt. He was also deeply affected by [[Robert E. Howard]]'s [[suicide]]. In 1936 he was diagnosed with [[cancer (medicine)\|cancer]] of the intestine and he also suffered from [[malnutrition]]. He lived in constant pain until his death the following year (1937) in Providence, [[Rhode Island]].		Despite his best writing efforts, however, he grew ever poorer. He was forced to move to smaller and meaner lodgings with his surviving aunt. He was also deeply affected by [[Robert E. Howard]]'s [[suicide]]. In 1936 he was diagnosed with [[cancer (medicine)\|cancer]] of the intestine and he also suffered from [[malnutrition]]. He lived in constant pain until his death the following year (1937) in Providence, [[Rhode Island]].

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	In the past few decades, the quantity of books ''about'' Lovecraft has increased considerably. Also, Lovecraft's stories themselves have enjoyed a veritable publishing renaissance in recent years. The titles mentioned below are a small sampling.		In the past few decades, the quantity of books ''about'' Lovecraft has increased considerably. Also, Lovecraft's stories themselves have enjoyed a veritable publishing renaissance in recent years. The titles mentioned below are a small sampling.

	''Lovecraft, a Biography'', written by [[L. Sprague de Camp]], published in 1975, and now [[out of print]], was Lovecraft's first full-length biography. [[Frank Belknap Long]]'s ''Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Night Side'' ([[Arkham House]], 1975) presents a more personal look at Lovecraft's life, combining reminiscence, biography, and literary criticism. Long was a friend and correspondent of Lovecraft, as well as a fellow fantasist who wrote a number of Lovecraft-influenced Cthulhu Mythos stories (including ''The Hounds of Tindalos''). A newer, more extensive biography is ''H. P. Lovecraft: A Life,'' written by Lovecraft scholar [[S. T. Joshi]]. It was for a long time [[out of print]], but has recently been republished by [[Necronomicon Press]], with a new afterword by the author. Used copies of the first edition are rare. An adequate alternative is Joshi's abridged ''A Dreamer & A Visionary: H. P. Lovecraft in His Time''. Most recently, an English translation of [[Michel Houellebecq]]'s ''HP Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life'' was published by Believer Books in 2005.		''Lovecraft, a Biography'', written by [[L. Sprague de Camp]], published in 1975, and now [[out of print]], was Lovecraft's first full-length biography. [[Frank Belknap Long]]'s ''Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Night Side'' ([[Arkham House]], 1975) presents a more personal look at Lovecraft's life, combining reminiscence, biography, and literary criticism. Long was a friend and correspondent of Lovecraft, as well as a fellow fantasist who wrote a number of Lovecraft-influenced Cthulhu Mythos stories (including ''The Hounds of Tindalos''). A newer, more extensive biography is ''H. P. Lovecraft: A Life,'' written by Lovecraft scholar [[S.T. Joshi]]. It was for a long time [[out of print]], but has recently been republished by [[Necronomicon Press]], with a new afterword by the author. Used copies of the first edition are rare. An adequate alternative is Joshi's abridged ''A Dreamer & A Visionary: H. P. Lovecraft in His Time''. Most recently, an English translation of [[Michel Houellebecq]]'s ''HP Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life'' was published by Believer Books in 2005.

	Other significant Lovecraft-related works are ''An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia'' (informative but expensive) and ''Lovecraft's Library: A Catalogue'' (a meticulous listing of many of the books in Lovecraft's now scattered library), both by Joshi, and also ''Lovecraft at Last,'' an account by [[Willis Conover]] of his teenage correspondence with Lovecraft. For those interested in studying in detail Lovecraft's writings and philosophy, Joshi's ''A Subtler Magick: The Writings and Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft'' is useful both for the analysis it provides and for the thorough bibliography appended to it. [[Andrew Migliore]] and John Strysik's ''Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H.P. Lovecraft'' and [[Charles P. Mitchell]]'s ''The Complete H. P. Lovecraft Filmography'' are both practicable for their discussion of films containing Lovecraftian elements (see [[H._P._Lovecraft#Adaptations\|Adaptations]], below).		Other significant Lovecraft-related works are ''An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia'' (informative but expensive) and ''Lovecraft's Library: A Catalogue'' (a meticulous listing of many of the books in Lovecraft's now scattered library), both by Joshi, and also ''Lovecraft at Last,'' an account by [[Willis Conover]] of his teenage correspondence with Lovecraft. For those interested in studying in detail Lovecraft's writings and philosophy, Joshi's ''A Subtler Magick: The Writings and Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft'' is useful both for the analysis it provides and for the thorough bibliography appended to it. [[Andrew Migliore]] and John Strysik's ''Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H.P. Lovecraft'' and [[Charles P. Mitchell]]'s ''The Complete H. P. Lovecraft Filmography'' are both practicable for their discussion of films containing Lovecraftian elements (see [[H._P._Lovecraft#Adaptations\|Adaptations]], below).